Fish & Chips

A Monthly Marine Newsletter

February 1999 Issue

 

From Us

By Elizabeth M. Lukan 2/22/99

 

Sorry this issue is later than usual.  I know I never set a date for each issue but I do try to get them out somewhere near the middle of each month.  I have been consumed with personal matters.  Specifically, my new business.  Together with two good friends, I have started a web page/site design company.  Our name is High Aspirations, Inc. and we are a legal corporation in the state of New York.  We've been busy with administrative issues and a design of our website, among tons of other stuff.  I'll tell you more later on, like when our site debuts, etc..

 

This issue debut's Mike Anderson's Newbie Takes The Plunge column.  Mike and I have been swapping emails on the subject of fishkeeping and more since Fish & Chips first made it's debut.  And, after much nagging on my part, Mike has agreed to write his trials and tribulations down for all to see.  He's willing to wear his heart on his sleeve and tell everyone about all the mistakes he makes and share with us his triumphs, so please read on and enjoy his column.  We both hope you get some good information out of it.

 

While swapping emails regarding using a picture on his site, David Brough of the Exotic Tropicals website (www.Animal-World.com) said he'd like to archive previous issues of Fish & Chips on his site somewhere and also offer a link to email me and subscribe.  I said YES of course - hey, Momma didn't raise no fool! - and I'm certainly not going to turn down the added publicity.  So, all previous issues have been emailed to David to put up on his site somewhere somewhen.  I'll let you know when it happens so you can go give the guy some hits!

 

That makes two sites where you'll be able to find Fish & Chips soon - Exotic Tropicals and the one planned by Mark Taber.  This is very exciting.  Too bad, I can't find the time to design my own - eeeks!

 

I've added a new section called Prove It!.  Each month it'll contain a list of the resources I used to produce the newsletter.  It'll contain internet sites, books, pet stores, etc.  Some of what I write about comes from personal experience (like the tips and so on), but I do do a lot of research online and through books and it's only proper that you know where I get my info.

 


EuroReef F3

- A Hobbyist Skimmer Review -

 

General Information:euroreefmd.jpg

All ratings are 1 through 10 (10 being the best or yes, 1 being the worst or no).  The items in parentheses are only given as a more detailed explanation and to give you an idea of what was meant by the category.  Permission to publish these reviews was obtained through a clause in the survey.  See the end of this article for review, survey, and article credits.

 

Construction Quality (Acrylic thickness, polish, glue job, etc.):

Score:  10

 

Astethic Quality (Does it look good, etc.):

Score:  10

 

Performance (Does it keep your water clean, must you adjust it all the time, etc.):

Score:  10

 

Foaming (Does it do it consistently, is it nice and thick, is it dark, etc.):

Score:  10

 

Ease Of Installation:

Score:  10

 

Would you buy it again?:

Comments:  Yes

 

Electrical Efficiency (Does the pump it uses work well, etc.):

Score:  10

 

Plankton Level (Do you have a lot, etc.):

Score:  8

 

Overall Value (Did you get what you paid for, etc.):

Score:  5

 

Overall Satisfaction (Do you like it, etc.):

Score:  10

 

Comments:

I like the EuroReef A LOT as is obvious from my ratings.  It is pretty much "set and forget" (except for dumping the skimmate).  Does a much better job on my current 125g than a Red Sea Berlin did (with a Mag12 pump!) on previous 55g system.  Downside is cost ($$$s) and some heat added to the tank by the submerged pump.  I'd buy it again, but it's cost means that it's not for everyone.  Wish there was a similar design skimmer at 1/2 price.  Not really sure about that plankton level...

 

 

Review, Survey, and Article Credits:

Review by Richard R. Hardy, 11/24/98

 

Survey created and hosted by Ian McDonald (IANsSnakes@aol.com)

Home Page:  http://members.aol.com/IANsSnakes/index.html (information updated 4/19/00: survey closed)

Survey Page:  http://www.geocities.com/heartland/prairie/2196/Survey.html (information updated 4/19/00: survey closed)

 

Ian would like to extend his thanks to Chris Paris (aka Cap) and Steve Wolfe (aka NerveGas) for all their assistance in getting the survey going.

 

Article edited by Elizabeth M. Lukan, 2/14/99.

Editing was limited to spelling corrections and some grammar (capitalizing the beginning of a sentence, adding a period at the end, etc.).  No other editing was done, what you read was exactly what was sent to Ian by the reviewer.

 

Editor's Comments:

It was difficult for me to find images (see photo note below) or information on the EuroReef F3.  As hinted in the above review this is an expensive skimmer.  I found it on two sites, Marine Depot (www.marinedepot.com) and AquaDirect (www.aquadirect.com), with prices listed at $699 and $768 accordingly.  I have no information on what a local fish store would sell this for or if they would even carry it.  EuroReef does not have a site at this time although one is in development according to Ian.  The sites noted above are not recommendations, just for your information.

 

Photo Credits:

The EuroReef Skimmer image was obtained at the Marine Depot website (www.marinedepot.com).  According to Ken, the specific model is unknown.  As I was unable to find an image of the F3 series, the one above will have to do.  Thanks to Ken for all his help, assistance, and prompt response to my request and query.


Newbie Takes The Plunge

(Subtitled:  Don't Try This At Home!)

 

By Mike Anderson (hitanykey@cyberservices.com)

Well, after having freshwater fish for some time I got tired of the dullness of them compared to the beautiful salt-water tanks I'd seen.  I'd been repeatedly told, "Don't try ANYTHING under 55 gallons".  But my wife said, "You're NOT going to pay $1,000 for a HUGE tank that's going to do nothing but stink up the house".  I tried to explain that salt water tanks don't smell any more than freshwater if set-up properly but she's a woman so what could I do?<g>  I couldn't get her to agree to a tank just to show her (just in case it DID smell!).

I read and read and read some more on the Internet and everyone was saying, "55 gallons, minimum!".  But, being the obstinate type I am (just ask aforementioned wife), I HATE doing things "by the book".  Therefore, after doing more searching, I found references to "nano-reefs" (i.e. reef tanks smaller than 20g) and decided that would be a cheaper way to get my feet wet.

Well, back around the latter part of October, I started my shopping spree at a LFS (local fish store) armed with about $100.  Needless to say, I'm the type to do things first and read the manual afterwards.  I'd read just enough about SW to be dangerous<g> and, of course, made several mistakes in the process of starting the tank up.  So, hopefully this account will help others to not do the same.  Thus begins the saga of the Three Little Fishies.

Day 1

I bought a 10g tank, salt, heater, thermometer, el-cheapo no-name skimmer (mistake #1, see later) and a 125 gph powerhead (mistake #2, also see later).  I took it all home and told my wife, "I'm starting a SW tank.  Hope you get lucky and only get 'life' (once you kill me!)".  Well, she took it all in stride and we discussed how to make a cheap stand, where to put it, etc.

 

Day 2

We went out and bought a hydrometer (I KNEW I forgot something the day before), four concrete blocks and four 1"x8"x3' boards.  I picked a window in my computer room (hard decision which one of the total of one windows to use<g>) and cleared the floor.  Then I put down 2 blocks, 2 boards, 2 blocks and 2 boards.  Shazaam!  I now have a fancy stand, complete with equipment shelf, and it cost me all of about $10.  I set the tank on it, filled it with water (a full 10g) and poured in the box of salt (was enough to make 10g of SW).  This was mistake #3 (Are you keeping count?  I hope we don't run out of fingers and toes here.  See Day 4 as to why this was mistake #3).  Then, I attached the power head to the side with the suction cups and plugged it in.  Ditto with the heater.

 

Day 3

There was nothing new on this day.  Just fiddled with the heater control to try and get a temp that won't fry the frozen fish.

 

Day 4

The BIG day has arrived.  I went to the LFS armed with more money (hmm, maybe you don't need a HUGE tank just to be able to spend $1000 on it).  I came home armed with the following:  1 yellow-tailed damsel, 1 red-legged hermit, 2 green mushrooms (they were just attached to a small piece of coralline algae that had peeled from a rock), 10 Lbs. live rock, 1 bag crushed coral (about 20 Lbs. if I remember right. It's enough for 2-2 1/2 " depth in the tank.), 1 Lb. live sand and a small container of fish food.  Notice anything missing?  First person to guess a water test kit gets a CEEGAR! (mistake #4).  Well, I was out of money and had to wait to get the kit.

Ok, so I got it all home and realized I needed to remove some water in order to add the sand, etc.  (Mental note for future tanks:  Do NOT mix the salt water IN the tank!).  Ok, I started collecting empty soda bottles that were going to the recycling center and filling them.  I poured in the crushed coral and then removed yet more ?cloudy? water.  Yep, you guessed it. Here's mistake #5. (Mental note:  RINSE sand/crushed coral BEFORE adding to tank.  Best way is to pour it into a bucket, take outside and stick a water hose down to the bottom and stir it until all silt is gone).  Now there's enough room to add the rocks.  I somehow got them into a halfway decent arrangement under water that looks more like milk than it looks like the ocean.  (The good news is it'll clear up...eventually.  Hey, I think it's finally getting a bit clearer after about 3 months time!).  I then acclimated the damsel, hermit crab and 'shrooms and then dumped - I mean I very carefully and lovingly lowered - them into the tank.  The 'shrooms were attached to a rock with a nylon cable-tie around the coralline algae they were attached to.

Well, I quickly realized the 125 gph power head was just a wee bit too much for a tank of this size (when the fish start body-surfing across the top of the water, that's one pretty good clue).  It's usually recommended to use a total of around 10x the tank volume for your current flow.  But that only works with larger tanks where using 2 or more power heads can cut the amount of water current at any given spot in the tank.  Even using a single head of the same total flow on a larger tank still allows for areas of high and low current.  But on a smaller tank I believe (from my LIMITED experience) it should be more like 5x the volume.  So I quickly replaced the power head with a Whisper Jr. hang-on-back filter/pump (with the filter removed).  That, along with the skimmer, gives a good flow without blowing everything out of the water.

Day 5 and beyond

Well, I got together the money to get the water test kit the next Friday.  Since the LFS in town (I live about 8 miles away) didn't carry them and, since I didn't want to drive 30 miles to another, I mail-ordered via the web (Mistake #6.  Boy, we're on the second set of fingers already!).  And I waited...and waited...and waited.  Finally called the company (I won't name them here) after about 6 days and they said, "We're back-ordered. They should be in today".  After another week, I call again and get the same story.  I told them to cancel the order and placed it with another company, who shipped it the next day.  So I got the kit finally (almost 3 weeks after starting the tank.  I DID take a sample a couple of times during the waiting period to the LFS 30 miles away to check it).

After about 2 weeks or so, I got the inevitable brown fuzz EVERYWHERE!  So, I sent in an order to Indo-Pacific Sea Farms for their 9 for $99 special.  I was pleased with their service and they shipped on schedule on the day I asked them to (so I'd be home when it arrived via Fed-Ex).  I got a multitude of snails and hermits along with a few extra 'goodies'.  While waiting for it to arrive I went to the LFS and got an algae blenny ('cute' little sucker...he looks like he was the model for the 'Creature from the Black Lagoon' costume!) to help the snails and crabs when they arrived.  To make a long story short, they cleaned up the brown fuzz within about 4-5 days and it's been clean since.

I also realized after a couple of weeks that the skimmer I bought for $25 or so was worth maybe $0.25.  So I wound up buying a Visi-Jet skimmer with which I'm fairly pleased.

Well, after reading more on the net about various creatures that lurk in and around live rock, I panicked about the dreaded bristle worms.  So I bought a pseudochromis paccagnellae (royal dottyback) that I'd hoped would take care of them (Ha! All he takes care of is as much flake food as he can!).  I also added various things as a green brittle star, a couple of gorgonian corals, more mushrooms, a cleaner shrimp and more rocks with pulsating xenia, waving hand polyps, yellow button polyps and star polyps on them.  I also added a Hawaiian feather-duster and a condylactis anemone and had a small heteractis malu (delicate anemone) hitch-hike in on the rock with the star polyps (I didn't even see it at first).

To date, the tank has been doing well with things growing and multiplying with a couple of exceptions.  The xenia and the cleaner shrimp have died after about 2-3 weeks in the tank (they were added about the same time and died about the same time with no clue as to why).  The damsel also has mysteriously disappeared.  (Do they put fish pictures on the sides of milk cartons?  Maybe I should have hers put there.)  I haven't found any bones or ANY sign of what happened to her.  Other things are doing great.  The waving hands polyps are popping up on other rocks, the star polyps have sprouted out several small babies, the anemones are bulging like crazy when the light's on.  I've found small feather dusters galore on the rocks, and it seems like more appear all the time.  Even the Hawaiian duster, which some folks seem to have lousy luck with, has added about 1" to it's tube and has never 'blown' it's top.  And the caulerpa algae I added (mistake #7) spread like wild-fire.  I finally took out all the rocks one by one and cleaned off as much caulerpa as I could and made a mini-refugia for it.  I took some plastic canvas (like used for yarn needlepoint) and made a small box with a suction cup on the side.  I filled it with caulerpa and now just 'shave' it every so often where it comes out the holes (but still have some on the rocks that I'll have to remove again soon.  Is there ANY fish or invert that EATS the blasted stuff?).

Well, that's the on-going saga of the Three (umm, make that TWO for now) Little FishiesYou can see pictures of the tank and more info on hardware, lighting, etc. @ http://members.xoom.com/3IittIefish

The end.. .or is it just the beginning of this 'nightmare' of water changes, top-offs, testing, etc.?:)

Article edited by Elizabeth M. Lukan, 2/2/99

Editing was limited to spelling corrections and some grammar (capitalizing the beginning of a sentence, adding a period at the end, etc.).  No other editing was done, what you read was exactly what was sent to me by Mike.

 

Photo Credits:

The milk carton image was created by Mike Anderson and submitted to Fish & Chips as part of his article.  The tank image was obtained with Mike's permission from his website (http://members.xoom.com/3littlefish).  The kitty's name is Miss T.


 

Caught In The Net

By Elizabeth M. Lukan 2/13/99

 

The following list contains web sites that sell clams.

Clams

Date Checked

Site Name

Web Address

Notes

1/12/99 Harbor Aquatics http://www.harboraquatics.com  
1/12/99 Indo-Pacific Sea Farms http://www.ipsf.com  
1/29/99 Invert-ual Realities Canada http://www.interlog.com/~invertca/irc.htm Prices are in Canadian.
2/1/99 J&L Aquatics http://www.jlaquatics.com Prices are in Canadian.
1/12/99 Jeff's Exotic Fish http://www.exoticfish.com  
1/12/99 Marine Depot http://www.marinedepot.com  

 

Each site was checked by me personally so any errors are entirely mine.  This includes any omission of sites - I checked those I knew or those I could find links to.

 

Correction:  Last month I noted the following site as selling snails only, this is incorrect as they offer both hermits and snails.

Hermits & Snails

Date Checked

Site Name

Web Address

Notes

1/28/99 Jeff&rsquo;s Exotic Fish http://www.exoticfish.com  

 

 

Update:  Last month I noted sites that sell Hermits and Snails, following please find additional sites.

Hermits & Snails

Date Checked

Site Name

Web Address

Notes

1/29/99 Invert-ual Realities Canada http://www.interlog.com/~invertca/irc.htm Prices are in Canadian.
2/1/99 J&L Aquatics http://www.jlaquatics.com Prices are in Canadian.

 

Feedback Wanted:  Send your thoughts on this section via email to fishnchips@mail.com (address updated 4/26/00) with a subject of Caught On The Net Thoughts (information updated 4/26/00: coding replaces need for subject notation) and let me know if I should continue doing this.  If I don't get any of your opinions, I'm not going to continue this after what I've already gotten is published.

Submit Your Favorite Site:  Send me the name and address of your favorite site via email to FishNChipsED@xoommail.com with a subject of Site Addition and I'll include it in a future issue of Fish & Chips.  I'm not just looking for online vendors, I want informational sites more than I want to show you where to buy stuff.  It's more important to me to let you know where to find information on the critters you want to buy than to tell you were to actually buy them. (information updated 4/14/00: site submission are accepted via the Fish 'N' Chips Website (http://www.marinefiends.com/)).


Chips...er...Tips

Tip Submitted By Greg

Article Written By Elizabeth M. Lukan 2/13/99

 

Sometime back I received an email from Greg with a question about UV.  He'd just added a UV Sterilizer to his tank and the water almost immediately turned murky with a reddish cast.  He wanted to know if I could tell him why and what to do about it.  Unfortunately, my knowledge of UV is limited to say the least.  With only a basic understanding of UV and it's uses in the hobby, I was forced to tell Greg that I couldn't help him and that my books, The Reef Aquarium Volumes. 1 and 2 by Delbeek and Sprung, didn't give any help either.

 

Well, a few weeks ago, Greg shows up in my inbox again, this time with the answer to his own UV question of long ago.  He just wanted to let me know so I could pass it on to others in case the problem came up again.

 

The reason and solution you ask, I'm getting to it!  Apparently Greg had a lot of residual antibiotics in the water from his attempts to stop his newly introduced and established fish from dying.  The UV immediately breaks down any antibiotic which will turn the water opaque, especially with a reddish cast.  The water quality is unaffected even if unsightly and a good carbon should clear it up in no time.

 

Thank you Greg for letting me publish your tip.  I'm sure someone out there will find the information useful.

 

 

To Submit Your Tip:  Send your tip via email to fishnchips@mail.com (address updated 4/26/00) with a subject of Tip Submission (information updated 4/26/00: coding replaces need for subject notation) and I'll publish it in an upcoming issue of Fish & Chips.  I'll write it up for you or you can do it yourself if you are so inclined.  Make sure you let me know if I can include your name and email address or if you'd rather go anonymous.


Critter Corner

Colt, Broccoli, Cauliflower Coral

By Elizabeth M. Lukan 2/22/99

 

General Information:coltaatlas.jpg

Colt Corals are soft corals with colorations of pale brown, dark brown or gray (usually) with polyps darker than the stalk.  You will occasionally see the corals with green or blue hues.  They feel slimy when touched and most have bushy polyps.

 

Scientific Name & Information:

Alcyonium Linnaeus

 

Colt Corals belong to the Alcyoniidae Lamouroux family.

 

Colt Corals were known as Cladiella, now a separate genus.  Alcyonium is very similar to Cladiella, and, therefore, confusion exists between them still.  While researching online pricing of these corals, I came across more than one site that lists Colt with a scientific name of Cladiella.

 

Some corals that are often confused with an expanded Alcyonium:

- Some slimy species of Sinularia (a species of soft coral, common names include Finger Leather and Soft Finger)

- Nephthea (scientific name Capnella spp.)

- Lemnalia (scientific name Lemnalia spp., common names include Spaghetti Coral, Branch Coral, Tree Coral)

 

Corals sold as Capnella, Nephthea, Lemnalia, or their more common names as noted above can easily be distinguished from Alcyonium because they have a rough texture.

 

Home Aquaria:

In nature, the Alcyonium is usually found in the calmer regions of reefs such as lagoons (shallow bodies of water separated from the sea by sandbars or coral reefs).  They are also found mostly in turbid water (water heavy or dense with sediment or foreign particles stirred up or suspended in it).  Please take this information into account when providing for your Alcyonium.

 

Alcyonium is hardy in captivity and they also ship very well.  These two factors have made them popular with reefkeepers since live corals first became available.  Alcyonium can grow very quickly in captivity.  A 10cm high colony may grow to be a 35cm tall bush in about six months.

 

This coral contains zooxanthellae algae and therefore requires medium to strong lighting.

 

It is important to place this coral where it will not come into contact with it's neighbors for two reasons: it's rapid growth and the potential to sting.  According to The Reef Aquarium Volume 2 by J. Sprung and J. C. Delbeek, the authors noted experience with Alcyonium stinging gorgonians and mushroom anemones (corallimorpharia) in turn stinging the Alcyonium.

 

Other research into this article showed that some varieties of Alcyonium can sting thin skin areas (the underside of arms, etc.).  This is considered a rare ability in soft corals.  Please keep this ability in mind when handling your Alcyonium or working in your tank near it.

 

Foods & Feeding:

Since this coral contains zooxanthellae algae, lighting is extremely important in it's gaining nutrients.  I would also guess based on it's natural habitat (see Home Aquaria section directly above), that it would gain something from having the substrate around it stirred up occasionally, but this is only my guess as I found no research that said anything on this subject one way or the other.

 

Reproduction:

Alcyonium is easily propagated in the home aquarium.

 

This coral reproduces most commonly by asexual means.  Colonies will split lengthwise into two or more smaller colonies.

 

Intentional and unintentional separation of branches can also cause new colonies to form.

 

According to The Reef Aquarium Volume 2 by J. Sprung and J. C. Delbeek, sexual reproduction has been reported and photographed in the home aquarium.

 

Disease Fighting:

If an Alcyonium is stung (by mushroom anemone), it is possible for it to get a bacterial infection or infection with protozoans such as Helicostoma (Helicostoma nonatum, a protozoan commonly found when a coral is suffering from "Brown Jelly" which is really a disintegration of the coral tissue).  If this occurs, the whole colony could be destroyed very quickly.  

 

If two or more days go by and the colony seems collapsed with some, but not all, branches rotting, take the coral out of the tank and place it in a bucket of seawater.  With scissors, cut away the healthy branches.  Everything else should be thrown away.  Place the healthy branches in a shallow aquarium with lighting equivalent to what's in the main tank.  The shallow aquarium also needs gravel large enough for the cuttings to attach to and water circulation should be good enough to prevent the cuttings from falling on the bottom and dying in a spot with no water flow.

 

Cost (US Dollars):

Store:  From $35 to $45 and up.  Three stores were checked in Queens, New York for prices.

Online: From $16 to $35. Six online sites were checked to obtain these prices.

This coral is usually readily available through local fish stores and via online services.

 

Photo Credits:

The image of the Colt Coral was obtained at the Exotic Tropicals Animal Atlas website (www.Animal-World.com).  David Brough (DrJungle@verizon.net) gave permission for it's use via email on 2/11/99 noting that the image is owned by Exotic Tropicals.

 


 

What the ... ?

By Elizabeth M. Lukan 2/22/99

 

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - Asexual means having no sex or sex organs, therefore asexual reproduction would be reproducing by means other than sex.

 

GENUS - In the taxonomy classification, the genus is the category ranking below a family and above a species.  It is a grouping of related species with common characteristics.

 

GORGONIAN - A Gorgonian is a tropical or subtropical octocoral with upright branchy plant-like or fan-like growths and a skeleton made of a horny organic material.  For example, the Sea Fans (Scientific names:  Gorgonia ventalina, G. flabellum, G. mariae, Pacifigorgia spp.)

 

HYDROMETER - A Hydrometer is an instrument used to determine the specific gravity of a fluid.  Hobbyist grade hydrometers are temperature corrected to read the specific gravity at around 77F (25C) because specific gravity is temperature dependent.

 

OCTOCORAL - Octocorals have eight tentacles on each polyp.  There are many different forms which may be soft, leathery, or even those producing hard skeletons.

 

OPAQUE - Something is opaque if it is impenetrable by light or not reflecting light.

 

POLYP - A polyp is the living unit of a coral.

 

PROTOZOAN - A protozoan is a single-celled, microscopic (usually) organism.  For example, an amoeba.

 

SPECIFIC GRAVITY - As a hobbyist definition, specific gravity is the amount of salt in the water.  See the hydrometer definition above for more information.  Specific Gravity of seawater ranges from 1.022 to 1.030.

 

TAXONOMY - The classification of organisms in an ordered system that indicates natural relationships.

 

ULTRAVIOLET (UV) LIGHT - Ultraviolet is a high energy, short wavelength of light.  It is shorter than violet in the visible spectrum and on the border of the x-ray region.

 

UV STERILIZER - A UV Sterilizer is a device that uses ultraviolet light to make the water treated with it free of microorganisms which may cause disease.

 

ZOOXANTHELLAE ALGAE - Zooxanthellae algae are tiny plants called dinoflagellates (single-celled microscopic organisms which belong to the Protista kingdom) that live symbiotically with corals, tridacnid clams, and some sponges.  The algae provides food for the host and in return gets the nitrogen, phosphorous, and carbon dioxide it needs to grow.  The scientific name is Symbiodinium spp.

 


 

Prove It!

By Elizabeth M. Lukan 2/22/99

 

Ace Pet Shop, 135-17 Northern Blvd., Flushing, New York, USA (718) 359-3336

 

The American Heritage Dictionary, Third Edition, Copyright 1994 by Houghton Mifflin Company

 

 

Aquatic Treasures, 62-06 Woodhaven Blvd., Queens, New York, USA (718) 397-0373

 

Exotic Tropicals, http://www.Animal-World.com

 

Flying Fish Express, http://www.ffexpress.com

 

 

Invert-ual Realities Canada, http://www.interlog.com/~invertca/irc.htm

 

Jeff's Exotic Fish, http://www.exoticfish.com

 

 

Paradise Aquarium, 66-16 Fresh Pond Road, Ridgewood, New York, USA (718) 366-6921

 

Premium Aquatics, http://www.premiumaquatics.com

 

The Reef Aquarium Volume One by J. Charles Delbeek and Julian Sprung, First Printing July 1994, Published by Ricordea Publishing

 

The Reef Aquarium Volume Two by Julian Sprung and J. Charles Delbeek, First Printing June 1997, Published by Ricordea Publishing

 

Thiel Infobase, http://www.athiel.com

 


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